Information Security Classification Essay

Information Security is simply the process of keeping information secure: protecting its availability, integrity, and privacy (Demopoulos). With the advent of computers, information has increasingly become computer stored. Marketing, sales, finance, production, materials, etc are various types of assets which are computer stored information. A large hospital is an institution which provides health care to patients. They are staffed by doctors, nurses, and attendants. Like any large organization, a hospital also has huge amounts of data and information to store. Hospitals have increasingly become automated with computerized systems designed to meet its information needs. According to the Washtenaw Community College website, the following types of information are stored in a Hospital: †¢ Patient information †¢ Clinical laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring †¢ Patient census and billing †¢ Staffing and scheduling †¢ Outcomes assessment and quality control †¢ Pharmacy ordering, prescription handling, and pharmacopoeia information †¢ Decision support †¢ Finance and accounting †¢ Supplies, inventory, maintenance, and orders management Viruses, worms and malware are the most common threats to information security. In computers, a virus is a program or programming code that replicates by being copied or initiating it’s copying to another program, computer boot sector or document (Harris, 2006). Floppy disks, USB drives, Internet, email are the most common ways a virus spreads from one computer to another. Computer viruses have the potential to damage data, delete files or crash the hard disk. Many viruses contain bugs which can cause system and operating system crashes. Computer worms are malicious software applications designed to spread via computer networks (Mitchell). They also represent a serious threat to information security. Email attachments or files opened from emails that have executable files attached are the way worms spread. A Trojan is a network software application designed to remain hidden on an installed computer. Software designed to monitor a person’s computer activity surreptitiously and which transmits that information over the internet is known as spy ware (Healan, 2005). Spy ware monitors information using the machine on which it is installed. The information is transmitted to the company for advertising purposes or sold to third party clients. Identity theft and data breaches are two of the biggest problems facing Information security managers. Hackers steal Social Security numbers, credit card data, bank account numbers and other data to fund their operations. There are other potential threats to the hospital information like power outages, incompetent employees, equipment failure, saboteurs, natural disasters, etc. A large hospital requires an information classification policy to ensure that information is used in appropriate and proper manner. The use of the information should be consistent with the hospital’s policies, guidelines and procedures. It should be in harmony with any state or federal laws. The hospital’s information should be classified as follows: 1. Restricted 2. Confidential 3. Public Restricted information is that which can adversely affect the hospital, doctors, nurses, staff members and patients. Its use is restricted to the employees of the hospital only. Finance and accounting, supplies, inventory, maintenance, and orders management are restricted information which comes in this category. Confidential information includes data on patients which must be protected at a high level. Patient information, clinical laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring are some of the information which comes in this category. It can also include information whose disclosure can cause embarrassment or loss of reputation (Taylor, 2004). Public information includes data which provides general information about the hospital, its services, facilities and expertise to the public. Security at this level is minimal. This type of information requires no special protection or rules for use and may be freely disseminated without potential harm (University of Newcastle, 2007). Information Classification Threat Justification Patient information Confidential Disclosure or removal Any disclosure or removal can cause serious consequences to the patient Clinical laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring Confidential Disclosure or removal Any disclosure or removal can cause serious consequences to the patient Finance and accounting, supplies, inventory, maintenance, and orders management Restricted Loss or destruction Any loss or destruction of this information could be very dangerous for the organization General information about the hospital, its services, facilities and expertise Public Low threat Low threat since the information is public. It would affect public relations however. Research Information Confidential Disclosure or removal This is confidential material since its exposure would cause serious consequences for the hospital Figure: Classification table Information is an asset for the hospital. The above information classification policy defines acceptable use of information. They are based according to the sensitivity of the information. According to the government of Alberta information security guideline, there are four criteria are the basis for deciding the security and access requirements for information assets. These criteria are: Integrity: information is current, complete and only authorized and accurate changes are made to information; Availability: authorized users have access to and can use the information when required; Confidentiality: information is only accessed by authorized individuals, entities or processes; and Value: intellectual property is protected, as needed. Information security must adequately offer protection through out the life span of the information. Depending on the security classification, information assets will need different types of storage procedures to ensure that the confidentiality, integrity, accessibility, and value of the information are protected. The hospital director must be responsible for the classification, reclassification and declassification of the hospital’s information. The information security policy must be updated on a regular basis and published as appropriate. Appropriate training must be provided to data owners, data custodians, network and system administrators, and users. The information security policy must also include a virus prevention policy, intrusion detection policy and access control policy. A virus prevention policy would include the installation of a licensed anti virus software on workstations and servers. The headers of emails would also be scanned by the anti virus software to prevent the spread of malicious programs like viruses. Intrusion detection systems must be installed on workstations and servers with critical, restricted and confidential data. There must be a weekly review of logs to monitor the number of login attempts made by users. Server, firewall, and critical system logs should be reviewed frequently. Where possible, automated review should be enabled and alerts should be transmitted to the administrator when a serious security intrusion is detected. Access to the network and servers and systems should be achieved by individual and unique logins, and should require authentication. Authentication includes the use of passwords, smart cards, biometrics, or other recognized forms of authentication. This policy is the access control policy. It prevents unauthorized access to critical data. A large hospital like any organization today uses computers to store its information. The classification of its data is a very important goal to protect it from threats like viruses, Trojans, worms, spy ware, ad ware and hackers. Natural disasters and incompetent employees are another type of threats to the hospital’s data. A proper information security policy can protect the organization’s critical data from any external or internal threat. Bibliography Allen, Julia H. (2001). The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. 0-201-73723-X. Krutz, Ronald L. ; Russell Dean Vines (2003). The CISSP Prep Guide, Gold Edition, Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. 0-471-26802-X. Layton, Timothy P. (2007). Information Security: Design, Implementation, Measurement, and Compliance. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach publications. 978-0-8493-7087-8. McNab, Chris (2004). Network Security Assessment. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly. 0-596-00611-X. Peltier, Thomas R. (2001). Information Security Risk Analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach publications. 0-8493-0880-1.

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A Winning Process for Launching Your Engineering Career† by Dean C. Millard Course Topics include the Career Planning Process and Task/Project Planning: Understand Yourself Career Development and Choice Theories Interest and/or (Holland) Personality Assessments Understanding your personal values, skills, interests, and traits and their impact on career possibilitiesValues and ethics relating to career choices Your strengths and promoting your strengths (will be used for elevator speech) Explore Options Researching and Exploring Engineering Careers and Employment Options Use of career libraries and other resources for occupational and major choices Databases and other on-line resources Decision making about your career Informational and behavioral interviewing Interacting with Engineering Professional(s)/Faculty at Careers Discussion Take Action Marketing Yourself: â€Å"How can you make yourself stand out? Resume and cover letter design twittering skills Networking Internships Systems Engineering: Understand the systems/team approach to modern engineering design What skills and experiences during your undergraduate career will prepare you best for the reality of today's workforce and its expectations? The role of graduate studies and how to assess the need, and undergraduate course selection implications. Leadership skill development and experiential learning opportunities. Entrepreneurship may be a goal. What strategies should you follow? The importance of excellent communication skills.Team functioning guidelines The course consists of mandatory lectures together with homework and class exercises that will allow you to tailor the material presented in class to make appropriate career choices and enhance your career development. Topics will be presented in a summary fashion during lectures and will be investigated in more detail through outside assignments and subsequent in- class presentations and discussion. Some readings may be at profession websites . The course blackboard website will be the primary method of distributing information, assignments, and class documents.One other note about the rouser website: Please be sure you are registered with your name exactly as you are registered in this course. And only use your official Cornell email as the email address when you sign in and log in each time. Also, send ALL emails only from your official Cornell gamma account, others will not be opened, including if they are a nickname or an alias. Please be sure to keep electronic (backup) copies of ALL the documents you turn in to this course until after you receive your final grade.If anything is lost along the way, you can then easily locate, and resubmit any missing comments for credit. You will also find your assessment results you AC aired in the course may be useful to you later in your career. Please keep these materials for your personal use once you finish our course! Course Grading: On-time class attendance, participation in in-class discussions, and satisfactory, on-time completion of course assignments will determine your final grade in this seminar course. This seminar only helps you make good career plans if you are a serious, motivated, and active participant. Opts. Will be earned for every lecture attended on time and only if attending or the entire class period. 10 Opts. Will be earned for each homework satisfactorily completed, typed, and submitted on time – in class. A 40% penalty will be assessed for all late materials turned in after they are due in class, up to one week late or for turning in an unsatisfactory submission which must be redone. O Opts. Credit will be earned for homework turned in more than one week after the due date – although all assignments still must be completed satisfactorily and turned in to pass the course.Several homework assignments may be given higher weighting particularly he final project and these will be announced in class and on the assignment sh eet posted on Blackboard. In addition, some assignments will be group- oriented. Absences from lecture will only be excused for official university reasons and for communicable diseases such as the flu when you should remain at home and take care of yourself. The official university reasons are illness and absence from campus on official university business, the later must be documented in writing.Proof of any missing work must be submitted prior to the final exam date, ND be of acceptable quality. Remember, any assignment turned in more than 1 week late will receive zero credit towards your grade, but the assignment must still be submitted in satisfactory form to complete the course. Final Letter Grading will be based on the percentage score out of the total possible as follows: AAA – 100 % – 89. 9 % ICC – 79. 9% D 60-69. 9% Below 60 % OR if missing or unsatisfactorily completed any required assignments #1. Tuesday, January 27th In class: Introduction/overview of course and course materials (â€Å"Ready for Takeoff')

The Allegory of the Cave

The Allegory of the Cave How does Plato’s allegory represents the activity of philosophy? 9/23/2010 HZT4Ua Diana MS. The Allegory of the Cave The Allegory of the Cave is a metaphor that can be seen to describe many aspects and situations in life that one had no control or choice over. The reason Plato uses many metaphors in his allegory is to think or ‘philosophize’ about the world around us because in fact our understanding of the world is very limited.This is due to the fact that we live in a world of shadows and not reality to whom very little is actually known about by everyone. The metaphors are seen to actually represent a society with all its people, truths, hidden meanings, problems, solutions etc†¦ The meanings transferred in the allegory of the cave apply to philosophy because it shows the philosophers position in society. It gives the philosopher the opportunity to philosophize/think about what exists/reality and what does not exist in our surround ing environment.To society, the allegory of the cave contemplates many issues related to man in his society. Such issues include human’s ability to be ignorant or knowledgeable, free or imprisoned, stubborn, lazy, active, etc†¦ by choosing either to or not to search for answers to many of the issues that arise continuously. Moreover, The Allegory of the Cave is about ignorance and learning because the men in the cave are ignorant or unaware of the outside world that exists except for the shadows that they saw passing by on the walls.The man who is freed engages in the process of learning from the moment he is released from the cave and is forced to adapt to the new conditions and situations that now surround him. In addition, the chains are used to symbolize the limited amount of information that a person has about reality. For whatever reason, this limited amount of information can be considered to be a type of ignorance.Last but not least, as humans in this world, many of us are really ignorant about many important issues that surround us in or everyday lives. We are unfamiliar of many things in life and are either unaware of it or simply choose not to bother with it. The world that many of us choose to live in is in fact very different from reality itself. However, many of us choose to live in such ignorance or denial when it comes to certain issues and this is due to many factors.

Environmental Geology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Environmental Geology - Assignment Example Sulphides have a simple formula, and show properties exhibited by metals, like luster and conductivity. Sulfides are identified by the anion –S-2 (Britannica). Like Sulphides and sulphates, carbonates are also non-silicates. The carbonates are one of those minerals which are not localized and found in abundance and are distributed far and wide (GeoSci). When a carbonate ion, CO32- , is present in any mineral family it s referred to as a carbonate mineral. Iron sulphide, also known as pyrite has the chemical formula FeS. More commonly it is also referred to as the Fool’s Gold (GeoSci). It is found in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Grant county (Galleries). Q. 2. There are a number of mines which have been developed in different parts of the world which now release acid mine drainage (AMD). For the following three mines or mine districts, 1) Iron Mountain Mine in Shasta County, Redding, California, 2) Britannia Mine in Britannia Beach, British Columbia, Canada, and 3) the Rio Tinto mining district near Huelva, Spain, describe the years of operation, the type of ore mined, and the scale and nature of wastes generated from the mining activities. 1. Iron Mountain Mine in Shasta County, Redding, California: iron, gold, silver, zinc, copper and pyrite were mined. The mine operated from the 1860’s up to 1963. The mine generated cadmium, copper, zinc, copper compounds, zinc compounds as wastes, which contaminated the Sacramento River. Richmond mine has the highest acidic mine water; with pH values as low as -3.6, metal concentrates 200g/L, and sulphate concentrates 760g/L. 2. Britannia Mine in Britannia Beach, British Columbia, Canada: was a copper mine, which operated from 1900 to 1974. It also generated zinc sulphide and pyrite (Mills). Intertidal discharge from the mine resulted in sub-aqueous deposits in Howe Sound, which was in excess of 44 million tones. Also 980 mg/l

Chicago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chicago - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the theory of the central places has been criticized for unreality. Static theory, not taking into account the temporal aspect in the development of the central places was also criticized. Furthermore, the theory is well illustrated in practice, when it comes to agricultural areas, but not for industrial or post-industrial areas due to the diverse nature of the various services and the distribution of a variety of natural resources in them. Numerical studies of the evolutionary model, which are based on the ideas of Christaller showed that symmetrical distribution is unstable. Small fluctuations are enough in order to areas with a high concentration of activity appear and cause an outflow of population and reduction of activity in other zones.This essay highlights that  the theory of production location (the theory of location) studies placing of productive forces as the allocation process on the territory of objects and phenomena; it is included in the subject of the regional economy. The location theory describes the geographical placement of the economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional economics and spatial economy. The theory examines which economic activity is located there, where and why. The theory is based on the whole accommodation on microeconomics, on the assumption that agents act in their own interests.

1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

1 - Essay Example The paper is made from trees and is responsible for increasing deforestation which is having serious repercussions on the ecology system. The gradual depletion of the natural resources through deforestation became responsible for the slow death of the plants and animals which were interdependent on each other. Lack of trees and plants is also one of the main reasons for barren land because the loose soil tends to blow away the seeds, saplings and essential minerals which are prerequisite for fertile land. The forest with its tall trees also protects the species from natural catastrophes like storms and hurricanes. There are many socio-economical concerns like growing population, housing problems, water and sanitation etc. that might necessitate deforestation but a sustainable development strategy would ensure regeneration and safeguard of natural resources. It is especially true in the contemporary time when the need for sustainable development has become one of the most crucial factors of our life. The use of plastic goods and non biodegradable products has adversely impacted the ecological system. Through the evolving process of entrepreneurial creativeness, people must make efforts to adopt ‘green’ habits and promote goods and services that are intrinsically linked with environment conservation and preservation. The creative ideas have the power to even transform and add value to the ordinary, old household items and make them into fashion accessories of great beauty and value. The goods made from recycled paper, therefore, need to be used in our daily life to promote sustainable promotion activities. The fast changing socio economic dynamics have created a fiercely competitive business environment and organizations tend to adapt to the constantly evolving business environment. The main objective of any

IT Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT Project management - Essay Example It is software designed by a company called Uniplus and has been of great significance to the day-to-day operations of most academic institutions. To be precise, Uniplus entails a set of well-integrated software components, which facilitate efficient management of university information. It is divided into three main user access levels, which include student portal, staff portal and top management portal. According to research, Uniplus has specifically been developed to enhance management of University data, which is for a number of top institutions in Africa such as Egerton University. Uniplus has been of great significance particularly in promoting the business need of many institutions. For instance, at Egerton University, Uniplus was regarded as a very crucial tool for ensuring that the University efficiently managing its revenues. As a result of its use, the university attained higher fee collection since it introduced self-service for students and improved access to information. Financially, the system is needed to ensure that all the institution’s financial data is protected from any unauthorized access. This is a very crucial requirement in maintaining the financial stability of any business organization. The system has also been considered to be of great significance in ensuring the integrity of student performance data. As aforementioned earlier, Uniplus has been of great significance in the day-to-day operations of a University. The development of this project at Egerton University had been scheduled to be conducted within a period of six months. It is important to acknowledge that Uniplus Company was very successful in ensuring that it delivered the project within the allocated time frame. In general, Uniplus, which is an integrated University management system, was finished on schedule (Petrides 60). A significant number of key stakeholders were involved in the development of this project. The top one

Social Justice and Policies for Children Learning English Essay

Social Justice and Policies for Children Learning English - Essay Example Supporters of social justice like Nancy Fraser and John Rawls have formulated various approaches or theoretical perspectives of the core ideologies and processes of what comprises social justice. As regards to the relevance of social justice theories to education, Cribb and Gewirtz (2003) have developed one of the most valuable theoretical models, which explain three types of social justice - associational, cultural, and distributive. This paper focuses on the cultural aspect of social justice, particularly in relation to social inclusion policies for linguistic minority children learning English as an additional language in the UK. Cultural justice supports respect for or consideration of cultural diversity. Cribb and Gewirtz (2003) argue that this is an effective way to eliminate hindrances to social justice. Societies act in response to cultural differences in distinctive ways. Educational policies for the needs and demands of children belonging to cultural minority groups in the UK have changed since the immigration from earlier British colonial states in the 1950s. Language became the emphasis on educational policies for this progressing culturally diverse society in the UK with the Department of Education and Science’s (DES) (1963) English for Immigrants. This was the earliest key government programme into the English language instruction for children whose mother tongue was not English. The language requirements of the schools’ immigrant students were dealt with as regards the observed necessity to guarantee that their being there did not interrupt learning for the majority population who are white monolingual. The immigrant students’ cultural requirements were not tackled in official policy, a phenomenon that is experienced until now.

Macroeconomics & International Finance for Business Essay

Macroeconomics & International Finance for Business - Essay Example us and significance in the 21st Century, when globalisation and e-commerce-induced technological advancement have rendered corporate existence and future growth subservient on marketing competitive advantages and better skills in a rapidly changing global business environment. There are several factors that could determine a country’s economic progression. It could be as diverse aspects as the availability of roads and infra-structural facilities as the quality of education and the significant technological prowess the country is able to wield in the comity of nations. Resorting to Foreign Direct investments and equity participation of foreign governments or public/ private agencies in investments of government and/or private sectors and also capital repatriation from NRI’s In the context of capital accumulation, the Harrod-Domar Model assumes significance since it is a determinant of the growth rate G. If Y could be represented as GDP and S=Savings, then the growth of savings is determined by GDP-S=SY. The Investments represented by I is an important determinant for the produce as well as increase in capital. Thus, ∆K = ÏÆ'∆Y. Thus, it could be said that for the equilibrium point to be reached, a consensus needs to be made between demand and supply of a country’s produce. Hence I = S. This model is important since the equilibrium growth rate of the output = Ratio of the marginal propensity to save and the capital=output ratio. How the economy is growing is based on the growth of the capacity of the economy to produce as compared with the demand of the produce of the state. If, in this hypothetical instance, the marginal propensity to consume out of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is 0.7, then the marginal propensity to save is 0.3, which is inclusive of all types of savings. The equilibrium growth rate = propensity to save/capital output ratio, and in this case, it would be 0.3/3 or 10% annual growth rate. Thus, the position in this hypothetical

Corporate Finance and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Finance and Governance - Essay Example "It has long been recognised that the recognition of risk is an important component in capital budgeting decisions. The future is uncertain and investment appraisal techniques that fail to recognise this fact will almost certainly lead to incorrect conclusions and erroneous recommendations." (Brookfield, 1995) "In a longitudinal survey of capital budgeting practices of large UK companies between 1975 and 1992, substantial increase in the usage of discounted cash flow (DCF) and risk appraisal techniques were reported. Despite the increased usage of the more theoretically sound discounting techniques, several writers in both the UK and US have claimed that companies are underinvesting because they misapply or misinterpret DCF techniques. It has been asserted by several writers that firms are guilty of rejecting worthwhile investments because of the improper treatment of inflation in the financial appraisal. Many firms are understating NPVs and IRRs because of the incorrect treatment of inflation and the use of excessively high discount rates. Concern has also been expressed by various commentators that many companies are failing to invest in advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) as fully as they should. Financial appraisal techniques have been cited as a major reason for the under-invest ment in new manufacturing technology. DCF procedures should not be ignored or relegated in importance merely because they might be used incorrectly. Instead, decision-makers should recognize potential problems and be careful to ensure that the financial appraisal is performed correctly." (Colin and Mike, 1986) "In a world in which information is not costlessly and symmetrically available to all economic agents, corporate project choices do not abide by the golden rule that all positive NPV projects should be accepted. In a sense, this is somewhat unsettling because it is difficult to prescribe simple rules for managers, and there has been little normative research into optimal capital allocation policies in different types of informationally constrained environments. However, the contemporary research highlights the pitfalls of policy-oriented discussions about corporate investment behaviour and managerial compensation packages that rely on the prescriptions of the traditional, symmetric-information paradigm of capital budgeting and financing. The research done to date indicates that many interesting things can happen under asymmetric information, none of which may be irrational, but some of which could be deleterious to the shareholders' welfare." (Thakur, 1993) Given these observations about investment appraisal techniques and DCF techniques, in particular, this report aims to assess the feasibility of using traditional investment appraisal techniques, while incorporating real-time variables such as risk and uncertainties. In particular, the report focuses on NPV as a basis for capital budgeting and evaluates how the concepts of risk-adjusted discount rates and sensitivity analysis can bolster traditional NPV estimation and thus provide business managers with realistic and flexible options when it comes to assessing the suitability and profitability of a particular investment or project. Accordingly, the  management approach should not be limited to using a fixed number of investment appraisal techniques; rather they should be more flexible while appraising the gains from a particular investment.     

1-Pilot & Non-pilot Protection of Transmission Lines Essay

1-Pilot & Non-pilot Protection of Transmission Lines - Essay Example This is of course in addition to today’s independent systems. It is important to note that the emphasis in this paper is not on the pilot scheme to be used but rather on whether a pilot system would be necessary. This follows the realization that a typical pilot terminal would cost $150K more compared with a non-pilot terminal. The question in this case is why would someone spend so much on a pilot scheme rather than just take up a non-pilot system which is less costly? The answers to this question serve as the justifications for the pilot scheme. Taylor (1927) says that the pilot scheme come in with additional benefits such as improved resistive coverage, high speed reclosing, and improved sustainability compared with the non-pilot system. In addition, the pilot scheme comes with alternatives to protection including fall back strategies, extensions to Zone 1, and inverse time over current. The pilot system also provides extended considerations mainly used in the determination of the system’s redundancy usually dependent on a number of factors including security, reliability, and dependability. The pilot system is also preferred because of its free interactions with the regulatory issues (Taylor, 1927). The protection of a transmission line has been a unique concept in the sense that, the system’s zone limit will have to separate geographical locations. This is contrary to the concepts in other systems such as buses, capacitors, and transformers. The idea behind the transmission line protection system is the alignment of the system elements and the input devices in one location and provides room for the instantaneous configuration of tripping. With the pilot scheme, this is usually done with very little coordination problems (Kim, 1996). Following the alignment of the system elements and input sources, all terminals will be

Issues in Financial Reporting & Analysis Semester Essay Example for Free

Issues in Financial Reporting Analysis Semester Essay Word length Maximum word limit: 1,000 (Typed, double-spaced, minimum 12 point Times New Roman font, all margins 2.5cm minimum). The word limit includes tables, appendices and footnotes (if any), but excludes references. Do not use endnote. State the word count at the beginning of the essay. All material over 1,000 words will be disregarded. References must follow the Harvard style referencing. Submission Instructions Students must lodge the essay by 5pm Friday 20 September 2013 electronically to Turn-It-in software through Blackboard and submit a copy in Blackboard through the â€Å"Essay† tab. Turn-It-In will be made available closer to the due date. Your electronic copy should be in Microsoft Word format and named using your SID (e.g., z1234567.doc). The â€Å"Individual Assignment Cover Sheet† on the course Blackboard site must be attached to both submissions. Please ensure that you know how to submit this assessment correctly by reviewing these instructions. Penalties apply for non-compliance. Penalties ï‚ · Presentation and organisation of the essay: students should write up their answers in an essay format which must consist of an introduction, body of discussion and conclusion. Headings must be used when answering the questions. The introduction and conclusion should be directly related to the findings students identified in the body. 3 marks penalty applies to essays that fail to follow this structure. ï‚ · Plagiarism: Refer to the University policy for possible penalties; http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/plagiarism/index.html ï‚ · Late submissions will be penalised at the rate of 5% (1 mark) per day or part thereof. The penalty applies to Saturday and Sunday as well as weekdays. No essay will be accepted for submission after 10 October 2013. ï‚ · Submissions that do not follow the â€Å"Submission Instructions† will attract a penalty of 3 marks. ï‚ · Small or incorrect font: Penalty of 2 marks will be deducted for a font below 12 or the use of a font other than Times New Roman. ï‚ · Inappropriate margins: Penalty of 2 marks will be deduced if any margin is less than 2.5cm. ï‚ · An essay presented in handwriting: Hand-written essays will not be marked; late penalties apply to re-submission in WORD. Feedback and marking of the essay will be done by the online marking and feedback system called ReView. Self-assessment of performance for your own essay can also be conducted using ReView. Further details about access ReView (including a link to access ReView) are available on Blackboard. 2 MARKING CRITERIA Ethical Analysis Criteria (7 marks): Criteria 1. Identify key ethical issues or implications of business decisions / practice (2 MARKS) Analyse and assess ethical impacts / implications (2 MARKS) ï‚ · ï‚ · Proposes a feasible ï‚ · strategy / recommendation to address issues / impacts. Provides some justification for ï‚ · recommendation, based on analysis and relevant ethical frameworks / principles. 3 Cultural Analysis Criteria (7 marks): Criteria 1. Identify cultural dimensions / characteristics of a business situation (2 MARKS) 3. Evaluate the extent to which the HofstedeGray framework explains the problems and propose a strategy to address cultural implications (3 MARKS) ï‚ · Does not make feasible culturally appropriate recommendations in light of relevant theory or frameworks. ï‚ · Identifies and analyses key cultural impacts (intended and unintended) or implications of business choices or practice, using appropriate theory or frameworks. ï‚ · Makes feasible culturally appropriate recommendations which are aligned with appropriate frameworks and principles. ï‚ · Convincingly justifies recommendations and considers their impact and implications (and evaluates alternative responses if appropriate). 4 Written communication criteria (6 marks): Criteria 1. Communicates clearly and concisely (2 MARKS) as possible). ï‚ · Uses fluent, accurate ï‚ · Uses generally accurate expression / grammar (or expression / grammar, but with negligible errors meaning occasionally which do not interfere needs to be clearer. with clarity). 2. Structures text logically and coherently (2 MARKS) ï‚ · Generally presents main ï‚ · Presents all ideas / ï‚ · Does not present main argument, ideas and arguments / information argument, ideas and information logically and logically and information logically or structures text coherently persuasively, and structure text coherently to achieve aim e.g.,: structures text coherently to achieve aim, e.g.,: ï‚ § Text has a generally and effectively to achieve ï‚ § Text has an unclear clear focus, with little aim: focus and possibly or no irrelevant ï‚ § Text has a clear focus, irrelevant or repetitive material; ideas are with no irrelevant or material; ideas are not generally developed repetitive material, and sequentially or sequentially and a logical development logically developed logically, but this could and sequence of main ï‚ § Text is not structured be more consistent ideas and supporting to effectively achieve ï‚ § Text has an adequate material aim structure ï‚ § Text has a clear, coherent structure ï‚ · Presents document at a ï‚ · Presents document very ï‚ · Does not present professional standard, professionally, e.g.,: document at a e.g.,: ï‚ § Evidence of thorough professional standard, ï‚ § Some evidence of editing (e.g., no / e.g., editing (only minor negligible spelling / ï‚ § Little evidence of spelling / punctuation punctuation errors) editing (frequent errors) ï‚ § Accurately and spelling / punctuation ï‚ § Uses appropriate effectively uses errors) format (e.g., essay) and appropriate format ï‚ § Does not accurately use follows formatting (e.g., essay) and meets appropriate format requirements requirements (e.g., essay) or follow ï‚ § Style and presentation ï‚ § Style and presentation requirements are appropriate and are highly appropriate ï‚ § Style and presentation sufficiently formal for for the specific business are not appropriate for the specific business / / academic context the specific business / academic context academic con text ï‚ · References sources ï‚ · References sources in-text accurately (in Harvard ï‚ · Does not reference and  in reference list style) in-text and in sources appropriately / mainly accurately and in reference list. accurately in-text, or in correct style (e.g., reference list. ï‚ · Integrates sources Harvard). effectively into text. 3. Presents text professionally and references sources accurately (2 MARKS) 5

Long Term Global Warming Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

Long Term Global Warming Effects Environmental Sciences Essay Global warming is recognized to be the effect of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases. In Australia, however, experts discover that land use/land cover change (LUCC) has potential impacts on the exacerbation of climate change consequences. To address this issue, the Australian government calls for the execution of several methods to prevent further deterioration of Australian ecosystem. Such steps are needed to reduce the harmful effects of long-term global warming in the Australian continent as represented by 15% clearing of the continents agriculture, hotter and drier El Nià ±o, more frequent occurrence of drought, large-scale deforestation, and reduction in the gross population of plants and animals, and danger on human health. The consequences of ignoring this effect could have a terrible impact in the nations environment, economic and communities not only in Australia but also around the world. The global climate has elevated the greenhouse gases such as dioxide and ozone, w hich has caused global temperatures to, accelerated over the last 50 years. For example, in some cases there has been a consequential vegetation change to increased woodiness. Because of the fragility of the Australian landscape and their variable climate this effect are important to the future state of Australias vegetation, soil and water resources. They decided to integrated more policies and regional natural resources strategies that will renovate their environmental issues. In addition, this will be beneficial to the vegetation and their regional climate as well as their atmosphere to fight the impact of global warming. However, they do not know to what extent such actions will have an effect. Global climate change agenda needs to admit that climate change is a multidimensional issue that affects every population, and that LUCC must be included in global and regional strategies to inform about climate change .The authors coordinated a research that will including the role of LUCC and its dynamic interaction with increased concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. This method will require the evaluation of the capacity of reforestation, the impact of climate change at a regional scale and vegetation. Reducing deforestation in the tropics and subtropics will be the first priority. They also argue that this process requires a strong and coordinated global effort through a combination of regulatory frameworks and constructed markets to stop deforestation and facilitate reforestation. This would have extra benefits for ecosystem services. They authors conclude that the positive feedbacks to climate from land clearing appear to emphasize the impacts of global climate cha nge by strengthen climatic extremes, such as recent droughts in eastern Australia. Critical Review This article provided detailed information regarding the long-term effects of global warming in the Australian continent. In particular, the article was able to identify specific causes of global warming aside from escalating atmospheric green houses gases escalation. Such events are discovered to be the result of compounded traditional land use efforts and modern land conversion practices. Furthermore, the enumeration of possible measures to address climate change in Australia marks the importance of this article in the ecological field. This article also recognizes that reducing the deforestation and improving our methods of vegetation requires strong effort to protect the planet in which we live. I agree with the authors because Global warming is happening due to the green house gases and deforestation. For example, they talk about policy implications and how we need to understand what is happening around us. I believe that by understanding and how and why the system is changing w e have better possibilities by reducing the greenhouse gases and restore the vegetation. Global warning is the most urgent environmental problem the world will face in the next decade due to climate changes and other activities caused by humans. I also believe that some natural resources and agricultural sector are vulnerable to climate changes and if we do not take, action this could represents a major risk to the planet. We need to preserve our environment by putting limits to the way in which we waste products and technology that we do not need. If we implement the large-scale restoration of ecosystems, we may have a potential factor in our favor to see regional climate change and provide other ecological services such as clean air and water. However, there is not currently affirmation that such actions will change temperatures and or increase the vegetation, which makes anyone wonder if we can prevent global warning from destroying the planet. Welker, J.M., Fahnestock, J.T., Sullivan, P.F., Chimmer, R.A. (2005). Leaf mineral nutrition of Arctic plants in response to warming and deeper snow in northern Alaska. Oikos, 109(1), 167-177. Summary Two of the most apparent consequences of global warming in northern Alaska are higher summer temperatures and deeper snow levels during the winter season. Alternatively, the quality of leaf mineral nutrition, as represented by Carbon and Nitrogen content, account for efficient photosynthesis, unhampered food chain, carbon budgets, soil organic matter decomposition, leaf litter, and better herbivore forage quality. In connection to this, the purpose of the article was to study and to investigate the effects of prolonged global warming effects on the leaf mineral nutrition content of tundra plants by subjecting several species of tundra plants to a long-term experiment characterized by altering summer and winter conditions. The results showed that extended global warming effects significantly affect the leaf Carbon, leaf Nitrogen and leaf Carbon: Nitrogen content of the plants. The plants were expose three different scenarios to see how each one responded to the climate conditions. The plant call dry tundra survive the clime conditions because of the moisture but the other plan call tussock tundra did not survive when it was expose to the snow. The experiment illustrated that some species of plants leaf mineral nutrition when they are expose to different scenarios. However, the tundra field experiments have focused mostly on measuring the extent to which changes in summer or winter conditions the plants will reproduce, shortening the growing or change the composition of the vegetation. In addition, scientists recognize that caring for the ecosystem is critical to the protection of the planet against global warming. In conclusion, the experiment show that dry and tussock tundra potentially enhance gas and produce carbon when they are exposed to typical weather. This study was designed to address two questions of microbial respiration and different areas without experimental snow and how the changes in vegetation affect us. Although they conducted a small study with limited statistical power, the findings indicate that exposing plants to snow has the potential to allow very old plant to be decomposed, accelerating the rate of CO2 increase in the atmosphere. Their results also complement recently reports by Schuur etal in 2009. In her study of tussock tundra near the Denali National Park, she finds that the plant increase due to increases in soil nutrient pools and the stimulation of plant growth. However, she says that the period in which the plant increases at the same time it losses respiration. Critical Review By analysis, it can be said that this article provided an experimental overview of the long-term effects of global warming on the leaf mineral nutrition content of Arctic plants. Although the settings used were manipulated, one cannot deny the significance of these findings on the future Arctic ecosystem with respect to climate change. Hotter summers and colder winters are already being experienced at present in most parts of the globe and the duration of these events are hard to quantify. Hence, the findings of this study emphasize the need to address the causes of global warming in order to minimize its effects in the future. I agree with the authors because those plants are essential to the global environment since they purify, and carry fresh water. In addition, most of the plants store carbon; absorb pollutants; and support many species of unique animals and other plants too. I think if humans put more effort, will be a decrease on the release of additional greenhouse gases and this will help communities, species and animals to survive or adapt to the global warming conditions. However, I also disagree with the authors, because they are conducting a global experiment by changing the course of Mother Nature. They propose to create a formula that could make the plants grow faster and survive any type of climate condition. I believe that could destroy the ozone layer, which will not allow life to exist on the Earths surface or altered the composition of the biosphere and the Earths heat balance. The studies show that those plants were expose to artificial conditions that were created in order for experiment to take place, but the measurements taken in Alaska that growth in trees has been stunt in recent years which mean that plants could go through the same process and consequence of a rapidly warming climate could appear faster. If the solution to global warming is to experiment more with nature then the solution will be the end. Valsson, T. (2006). How the world will change with global warming. Reykjavjk: University of Iceland Press. Summary This book contained 24 units distributed into three chapters that discuss the nature of global warming, patterns of effects, and the future of the entirety of the biosphere in response to the long-term consequences of global warming. Concerning the future effects of global warming, the author elaborated the outcomes of climate change on the biosphere, world economy, and the possibility of exploiting the Northern part of the globe as replacement of the withering habitats in the future. In particular, land and sea formations are likely to be highly affected by the fluctuating Earth temperature. Therefore, natural resources will be altered; some may be depleted, and majority will be converted. The author argues that global warning could be good for anyone who lives in the northern of the globe, which he claims, will become the new civilization. He also talks about the consequences of global warming and how the geographical locations could play an important role.He draw conclusions of wa rmer global climates in Iceland and the northern of the globe. Furthermore, the author approaches the problem of how global warming is melting the sea ice in the north, which will create routes that will include the passage north of Siberia and later through the Canadian Archipelago. He shows the positive and the negatives aspect of global warming but also how this may benefit someone of the population in areas where the temperature is below normal. For example, he talks about countries bordering being closer to each other and new routes that will allow ships to travel for less time. However, he emphasizes the importance of the agreements across countries in order to reduce greenhouse gas .He also encourage the view that even in negative consequences, we need to preserve a positive attitude towards the changes that are coming. On the other hand, he argues that the warming climate and melting ice will make oil and mineral resources in northern areas easily accessible for exploitation and will make the far north comfortable for human habitation, r eplacing the living spaces around the central areas of the globe that will become too hot for habitation. He talks about conducting an experiment for 3 years in which he will try to expand summer at the expense of winter. In other words, he means that plants usually start to come into flower just as the snow begins to melt and with that bloom sooner then the pollinators of those plants can get to them the faster it will make the plants product their photosynthesis. That would be damaging to both of the species that he will use during the experiment. He also says that the project will confirm that people should not waste any time when it comes to saving the planet from a environmental disaster. Critical Review Through the page of the book, the author was able to synthesize the long-term effects of global warming. In addition, the author was able to provide a concise discussion of the consequences of climate change on the preservation of natural resources. General alteration in the ecological profile and land outline will characterize mankinds future due to global warming. In general, this book is an effective reference on the elucidation of the profound effects of climate change not only in humans but also with respect to biosphere as a whole. I totally disagree with the authors point of view. I believe that his perspective on global warming is more negative than positive. He describes this problem as a normal issue that we as humans have to understand that it can be a positive outcome. I have a different point of view I strongly believe that Global warming is destroying our earth and as humans, we are responsible for what is happening in the world. Global warming is gasses that are trappe d in the atmosphere that are water vapors, carbon dioxide and methane gas which are the reason why many natural disaster are happening around the world lately. The author seems to believe that global warming is good for use because it could make countries closer and unify many continents that are far. He also believes that this could be a good thing for the people who live in the northern of the globe because when the ice melt the new civilization will be created. I find that statement ironic because if the ice melts there is a probability that many of the people who live in those areas will die or be hurt in some way due to the consequences of global warming. I believe that global warning is something negative for anyone, because at some point of another we all going to suffer the consequences of not taking care of the planet in which we live. I take the position that I do believe in global warming and I think it is not just scientists who should notice what is happening around the world.

Season Of Migration To The North | Analysis

Season Of Migration To The North | Analysis Season of Migration to the North tells the story of Mustafa Saeed, a prodigy from Sudan who goes to study first in Cairo and then in London, where he hunts women but eventually falls for one himself. After a marriage consummated by violence and a prison sentence, he returns to Sudan, moving to a small village on the Nile, where he marries again and has children. He disappears mysteriously in a flood. Season of Migration to the North is complex, in its framing, in its episodic style, in its use of metaphor, and in the variety of material it canvasses. It touches on colonial arrogance, sexual mores and the status of women, the politics of independent Sudan, and more. There are lyrical fragments with no direct connection to the story, describing the rhythms of agriculture, travel along the Nile, a spontaneous night celebration by travellers in the desert, and so forth. And there are references to European novels about encounters with the exotic in Africa and the Middle East. Most of thi s is only hinted at, and never elaborated on, but there is enough here to keep students of post-colonial literature busy for a long time. Season of Migration to the North is short and immediate, however, and can be appreciated without any literary theory. http://dannyreviews.com/h/Season_Migration_North.html Most of the rest of the novel concerns his recollections of the exceedingly strange story that MS tells him a story which haunts and oppresses, yet also challenges him in terms of defining his own value system in postcolonial Sudanese society in the context of the new rulers of Africa, smooth of face, lupine of mouth, in suits of fine mohair and expensive silk (118). The life story MS had narrated began with the account of his (British, colonial) schooling, which had led him to the discovery of his own mind, like a sharp knife, cutting with cold effectiveness (22). So brilliant is he that from Khartoum he is sent to Cairo and then to London for advanced study here he is nicknamed the black Englishman (54). In British society he becomes a sexual predator, setting up as his lair a room seductively decorated with ersatz African paraphernalia. Englishwomen of a wide range of classes and ages easily succumb to and are destroyed by him. Three of these women are driven to suicide; while he eventually murders the most provocative of them, who had humiliated and taunted him before and also during their stormy marriage. This act (a sort of sex-murder) is in his own eyes, however, the grand consummation of his life: The sensation that I have bedded the goddess of Death and gazed out upon Hell from the aperture of her eyes its a feeling no man can imagine. The taste of that night stays on in my mouth, preventing me from savouring anything else. (153) Elsewhere MS says of this relationship that he was the invader who had come from the South, and this was the icy battlefield from which [he] would not make a safe return (160). On his return to the village, the narrator at last enters a secret room that MS had built next to his home a replica of a British gentlemans drawing room! Pride of place has been given to MSs painting of his white wife, Jean Morris. The room also contains a book, purportedly the Life Story of MS, dedicated To those who see with one eye and see things as either Eastern or Western (150-151). This brief account cannot accommodate the complicated structure, subtle allusiveness and richly metaphoric style of this difficult text, but may give some indication of its ironic (or sardonic) perspective and of its deep and lasting relevance to the political and cultural predicament of many Africans. Its demonstration of the harsh parallels between colonial racism and local sexism confirms that this text is, as Salih himself has stated, a plea for toleration at all levels. It is an unforgettable work. http://www.arabworldbooks.com/Readers2004/articles/tayebsaleh2E.html That being said, the second storyline, told by Mustafa, a stranger to the village, revolves around him using weak British women for sex and then leaving them so heart-broken they turn to suicide. While its easy to read this as a comment more on colonisation, I still felt uncomfortable seeing so many women reduced to objects or symbols. Since Mustafa was telling the story, though, I believe the objectification rested with him and his character, as opposed to Salih. This didnt necessarily make reading it any more pleasant, but it did justify it, for me at least. Can you sense the murkiness I feel on this aspect of the book? My wrestling with it made my experience of the book less enjoyable, but it didnt diminish the books worth in my eyes. I didnt feel a similar inner battle over the issues of colonisation raised in the book. Mustafa is the primary engine of this; he tells his story of being a smart, poor kid from Sudan who ends up going first to Cairo and then to London to become a fa mous economics professor who simultaneously seems to spend most of his energy sleeping with white British women. He basically learns how to turn British prejudices about the exotic to his advantage, and he talks about seducing girls with stories of imaginary animals running across the harsh, evocative landscape of his childhood. Throughout his narrative, hes portrayed as lacking something vitally human, a kind of warmth towards his fellow species that leaves him all cold intellectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as a young boy, he doesnt know how to connect with his schoolmates and doesnt even seem bothered by his friendlessness. And once hes an adult, while he must enjoy sex (why else seduce so many women?), he never feels any emotional attachment to the women, and I dont think he even sees it as a way to connect so much as a way to use and dominate. None of the women he encounters are ever shown as real human beings, although the only one to resist him does have more complexity about her than the o thers. As I mentioned in the above paragraph, its all too easy to read this as a metaphor for colonisation. But even while Salih is exploring this, he never makes it a black-and-white issueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nuances and complexities are explored, and he leaves up to the reader to try to figure out whats being said Your comments on Mustafas emotional coldness exploitation of white women even as theyre also exploiting him reminds me SO strongly of Ellisons Invisible Man, and the narrators conflicted relationship with white women in that novel. Like you with Season of Migration to the North, I was never sure how to feel about that aspect of the story, especially since I cant help locating the objectification with Ellison as well as his narrator. Complicated stuff. During the whole story I was anticipating a shocking twist at the end where we find out that Mustafa Saeed and the narrator are the same person. At the end of the book I noticed the narrator was swimming in the Nile river when he finally decides consciously on living, and that Mustafa Saeed had dissapeared earlier in the story while swimming in the Nile. This suggests possibly that they are the same character, although not clearly enough to leave me satisfied with such a conclusion. Over at wikipedia they must have had a similar idea, because they described Mustafa Saeed as the narrators doppelganger. Their explanation lead me to believe that maybe the narrator had came back so shook from his experience in the West that he didnt know if he wanted to live anymore, and so he had viewed himself in 3rd person through the character of Mustafa Saeed and then finally decided on living while swimming the Nile! NYRB Classics: Season of Migration to the North and Alone!  Alone! Font and Edna return to Egypt at the eruption of the Suez crisis, but Ram stays on in Britain, is ejected because his visa has lapsed, and then works for a period in a factory in Germany. He is afraid of seeing Edna again when he gets back to Cairo and he also avoids seeing Didi Nackla, a young Egyptian journalist who had later lived with them in London. There he had turned to Didi, despairing of Ednas feelings for him, and initiated a sexual relationship with her. Self-deprecating as he is, Ram allows us only glimpses of the actually hugely risky political business he is engaged in. He has been collecting evidence of the torture and murder of political activists in Egyptian jails, where (in a pattern typical of this society) wealthier or higher-class prisoners will not be subjected to such treatment. http://www.litnet.co.za/cgi-bin/giga.cgi?cmd=cause_dir_news_itemnews_id=51970cause_id=1270 England is leaving Egypt, finally, in 1954. The Egyptian army has overthrown the royal family and instituted a republican system that both embodies the nationalistic and progressive hope of many Egyptians, and also becomes increasingly repressive. The characters, Ram and Font, are Egyptians who are Anglophone and upper class, and so are out of touch with the new order. Ram is an educated, well-connected Copt, probably in his mid-twenties. His best friend is Font, another Copt. Ram and Font spent four years in England and are obsessed with English civilization and culture, but they also despise British colonialism and hypocrisy and they participated in guerilla fighting against the British during the Suez War. The Egypt of BEER IN THE SNOOKER CLUB is at a stage of political, economic, and religious uncertainty or indecision. One of the central issues of the novel is, What is an Egyptian? And the same uncertainty or indecision extends to Rams personal life: what to do with himself, whether or not to live attached to the purse strings of his rich aunt, whether or not to marry, and who? He has been educated in the British school system in Cairo, and dreaming of the mythical London of Piccadilly Circus and pubs, he and his best friends, Font and Edna, travel to England to experience sexual and political freedom and find as well dreariness and meanness and small-mindedness. There he and his lover, Edna, drift apart, and he returns to Cairo understanding that England has killed something natural in him. Sunday, May 20, 2007 How to be kind? And thoughts on Beer in the Snooker Club It occurs to me that people in England, at least, are starved of opportunities to be kind, to be useful. If one watches the eagerness with which people jump up on the bus when someone even approaching old age gets on, and the keenness with which a stranger directs you to the address you cannot find, or gives unsolicited advice in a shop, then one feels the terrible and unexploited desire to be good, when so many situations call for one to be cynical: critical and uncompromising for fear of being taken advantage of, being laughed at, being unnatural. Our suspicion is thus killing something in us, for it reveals to us day in, day out, the frightful, hard, trapped creature we have become, with our knowing faces frozen in a semi-permanent frown or sneer. On a suffocating coach ride, Bath-London, the hulking vehicle turned a difficult corner, and I observed from the window an elderly man making a signal to the driver that is was clear and safe for him to advance. It was a completely superfluous, foolish act, as red-lights prevented the other cars from advancing into our slowly turning rear end, but who amongst us would have wanted to shout out, what are you doing old man; there is no need for your help.? After I finished reading Beer in the Snooker Club by Egyptian writer Waguih Ghali, I lived for a long time with that book in my flat in Cairo overlooking the depressing Ministry of the Interior, and wandering the streets of downtown, burdened further with the thought of Ghali killing himself in the spare bedroom of British publisher, Diana Athill. I felt an immense sorrow that I could not fully explain by my own loneliness as a foreigner. Later I returned to the novel and considered Rams role in his own life, and found it an excruciatingly circumscribed and pitiful one. Ram, that narrator of Beer in the Snooker Club, born to a landowning Coptic Christian family, is the only son of the poor relative: his mother was widowed young and now relies upon the generosity with all its attendant obligations of her siblings. He has been educated in the British school system in Cairo, and dreaming of the mythical London of Piccadilly Circus and pubs, he and his best friends, Font and Edna, travel to England to experience sexual and political freedom and find as well dreariness and meanness and small-mindedness. There he and his lover, Edna, drift apart, and he returns to Cairo understanding that England has killed something natural in him. What Ram subsequently fails to do is to act out his compassion, and desire for other people. And this is during a period in Egypt, the late 1950s, post the 1952 revolution, when the young people are moving out of the spaces and roles formerly proscribed entirely for them by their parents, a corrupt elite and the British presence. Font a dogmatic Marxist, scornful of his privileged roots, adopts the garb and posture of a street vegetable seller. Ram, finds this absurdly and depressingly gimmicky just as the communism of Edna, an Egyptian Jew, and her incessant championing of the fellaheen leaves him cold. So, he reasons, to act righteously in the defense of the downtrodden, is to be a parody both of oneself and ones roots, and of those that one is claiming to stand up for; it is to proscribe who and what is authentically Egyptian and to disdain and reject everything even ones innocent childhood and everyone else that does not take this purging seriously. Ram does act briefly alone and secretly to send photographs to the newspapers that expose abuses by the government. But he jokes that for his pains the real risks involved, he prefers the idea of having gone to prison, rather than the heroic act of actually going. His potent hatred of his wealthy French-speaking familys disingenuineness, their greed and cowardice and sham magnanimousness, does not provoke him to act and speak upon any legitimised, public platform against both them and their class. Rather, Ram chooses to expose himself to ridicule and mere disapproval by performing apparently childish pranks pushing his odious American-educated cousin into the pool, making a scene at a society party. By making it impossible for anyone around him to consider his protests as serious and legitimate political acts, he can be disruptive and irreverent from within; but it is a lonely and claustrophobic role which engenders only greater cynicism and emotional numbness in the young man. As long as Ram divides his time between his politically committed friends and a depraved and decadent elite, he has only the rare opportunity to show kindness, for with the former he feels too self-consciously as if he is performing a political or social role, and with the latter in order to resist the powerful obligation upon him to be the good son, he can only be flippant naughty and rude. http://madny.blogspot.com/2007/05/how-to-be-kind-and-thoughts-on-beer-in.html there is this comparsion of the eastern culture vs the western culture that made the novel intresting to view from one point. ram the narrator is being confused by the two worlds that he has lived with, although he finds himself more with the western culture rather the eastern. I dont know whether or not he intended this, but I enjoyed his terse writing style. I also found it fascinating to learn that Egypt had its own lost generation. Some of the depictions of Cairo and its society and undoubtedly still true today, such as Gezeira Club, of which I am a member. http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1231621.Beer_in_the_Snooker_Club?page=1

Mercantilism Essay -- essays research papers

The year 1607 brought England into the "New World" with its first permanent settlement at Jamestown, and the following years would bring more American colonies to the British Empire. When sending people into the new land, the English planned to use a mercantilist policy and fully use the colonies for their resources. The colonist's creation of the proverb "Mother countries exist for the benefit of their colonies" is sufficient because England's original intentions of mercantilism soon disappeared after their entrance into this new world. The reason for the decline in their motives can be traced to many occurrences, most notably benign neglect of the colonies and internal English conflicts. In many cases, the mother country was doing more for the colonies than the colonies were for their homeland. Besides offering them protection and giving them more rights than the Englishmen, England also guaranteed the colonists a market to sell products. The English had one of the best naval forces in the world and as a result of being under British control; the colonies also had the privilege of having an excellent navy. The same policy went for ground troops, the colonists were given protection from the French and Indians without having to train a large army. British redcoats were trained in England and sent to protect colonists in America. As stated by Dean Tucker in â€Å"Dean Tucker Advises a Divorce†, colonial protection put severe burden on the English treasury. 300,000 to 400,000 pounds a year were spent on protecting colonies. Adam Smith also touches this subject in â€Å"Adam Smith Criticizes Empire†. Smith argues that as a result of sending British troops to America during wars, England lost a large quantity of money. This shows that in many cases the English were in fact working for the colonies, although the principal of mercantilism shows the opposite. Unlike those that actually lived in England and h ad to pay large sums of money to support the army, the colonists received protection for free. Although the Navigation Acts posed on the colonists hurt some, for many it would mean financial stability. Farmers in South Carolina and Virginia had the privilege of heavy tobacco growth. At the same time, middle colonies had fertile soil making it a good land for grain. Others such as Massachuset... ... benefit their motherland, and in Spain’s case that was definitely true. France had similar intentions, but to a lighter degree. France greatly used their colonies for raw materials such as fur. These fur hats’ extreme popularity in France resulted in large profits for the country. Mercantilism played a large role in colonial settlements, and its affects are still seen today. Many protective tariffs are placed to offer workers protection. Although strict policies are no longer enforced, cases of mercantilism are still apparent. Although both sides gained as well as lost in the relationship, the colonists benefited the most. Not only did they receive free protection, but also they had more rights than Englishmen and had a guaranteed market to sell products. So, it is possible for the colonists to reverse the maxim. By doing so, it’s just as true as the original statement. Mercantilism declined, but only in America. Other nations continued using the policy and in many cases it can still be seen today. Mercantilism played a large role in shaping America, and even though its ideals were not completely successful, America would not be the same without it.

The Roots of Illiteracy Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Roots of Illiteracy      Ã‚  Ã‚   A problem that pervades our society and threatens to undermine all of the "advances" of our culture is illiteracy. Why is illiteracy so prominent in the United States? In such a diverse culture the causes of illiteracy cannot be easily pointed out. The United States has one of the most expensive higher educational systems in the world, yet 43% of adults read at a level that scarcely makes it possible to function in society.    Almost 22% of adults are not be able to find their street on a road map. (McGuinness, p. 9) One in five adults cannot read a road sign, fill out an application, or read an ingredient label (Level 1). High schools give diplomas to graduating classes where 20% read at a second grade level or worse (Level 1). College graduates do not score much better with 12% able to read at a fourth grade level or worse (Level 2). Should society be concerned when only 3% of the population are capable of reading and comprehending a jury selection outline? Is the educational system to blame for churning out kids who can barely function in society? Are the elementary school teachers at fault because they pass students to the next grade level when they are incapable of putting their simplest ideas on paper? Or is it biological, stemming from learning disorders or brain damage? All of these forces affect our country's inability to read. (Level 1-minimal level of competence; Level 2-barely literate; up to L evel 5-"advanced level"; 3% of all adults scored Level 5; McGuinness, p. 9-10)    The possibility that children do not learn to read because of physical causes has been the focus of many studies. Dyslexia is common problem and can be successfully overcome with the appropriate ins... .... (Elley, p.228) To solve the problem of illiteracy in the U.S. and the world will take time and a better understanding of the many causes that create our society of readers. "The value of literacy for achieving fulfilling, productive, expanding and participating lives of freedom in modern societies is undoubted, and unquestioned. At the same time, however, literacy does not seem to be well understood." &endash;H. Graff (Ed.). (1981). Literacy and social development in the west: A reader.    Works Cited Elley, Warwick B. 1994. The I.E.A. Study of Reading Literacy: Achievement and Instruction in Thirty-Two School Systems, Great Britain, Pergamon. McEwan, Elaine K. 1989. The Principal's Guide to Raising Reading Achievement, Thousand Oaks, CA. Corwin Press. McGuinness, Diane. 1997. Why Our Children Can't Read, New York, The Free Press.   

General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales: The Friar and the Parson Essa

General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales: The Friar and the Parson The Friar and the Parson, as described in the General Prologue of the Canterbury Tales, can be used to portray both the good and the bad sides of clergy. They make a stark contrast to each other, often even directly, with their characteristics as told by the narrator. From physical traits to their actions, these two pilgrims are almost exact opposites in certain ways. Their motivations for these actions describe the differences in the mind sets of the good holy man and the one who is less true to his orders, the Parson and the Friar respectively. Throughout their portraits, the descriptions of the two are set at odds, so as to highlight their contrariety. A revealing comparison can be made in the matter of money between the Parson and the Friar as to the monetary motivations of the clergy. The Parson was a poor man. He took out of the tithes given to him by parishoners and his salary to give back to them, as â€Å"rather wolde he yeven [†¦] / unto his povre parisshens about/ of his offering, and eek of his substaunce.† (487-489) The Friar on the other hand was wealthy, and would rather take from the poor to increase his income than to give, â€Å"for thogh a widwe hadde noght a sho/ [†¦] yet wolde he have a ferthing, er he wente.† (253-255) The actions of the Parson make those of the Friar look even worse. The Parson cares little for his own wealth, but is a great deal concerned about the poverty of his parishoners. The Friar cares very little about poverty, but is terribly concerned about his own income. On the subject of personal wealth, these two men may be seen as complete opposites, one showing the horror and inappropriate actions of the other, and th... ... his preaching. He can be seen as a good example of how a clergyman should be. The Friar on the other hand in deed, speech, motives, and reasoning, is questionable in relation to his position. He is a selfish man who will take from, but not be amongst the poor since there is little good it will do him. Instead of using his office to do good works and to lead people closer to religion, he uses it for personal profit. His piety is less than devout, as it is insinuates that he is a lecherous man who is very interested in women. He would rather be among the wealthy than be true to his orders. In contrast to the Parson, he is not a good example of a clergyman. These pilgrims work together to show good and bad instances of men of the church, and comment on eachother in their characteristics in a way that highlights the qualities of one and the faults of the other.

Business Communication in Today’s World

INTRODUCTION Definition Communication is defined as the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual or electronic channels. Simply put, communication is the exchange of information between people. It is important to get feedback from your audience and vice versa for the process of communication to take place effectively. The feedback can be either positive or negative. Business communication is any communication used in an organisation with an intention to promote a product, improve service or with the intention to make a sale. This type of communication also occurs within the organisation between the management and employees. It has purpose and a lot of attention is given to detail. Business communication has undergone a lot of transformation as a result of the growth of information technology that has changed the whole concept of communication. In the past, businesses had a model of communication that left very little room for interaction and conversation with the receiver of the message. Currently the model that works and is now used by most organisations is one that gives room to both conversation and interaction with the receivers. BODY Communication is very vital in any organization. Like blood in our bodies, it is the channel that gives life to the organisation and without it, organisations would not be functional. There are two types of business communication in an organization 1. Internal Communication 2. External Communication Internal communication This defines communication that occurs within an organisation. It occurs between management and departments and between the employees of the organization. This type of communication may be formal or informal. Internal communication is vital because it helps in increasing job satisfaction, productivity and profits. It is also a platform for employees and management to air and address grievances. There are three types of communication under internal business communication a) Upward Communication b) Downward Communication c) Horizontal communication a) Upward communication Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors or from employees to management. By definition, communication is a two-way affair. Yet for effective two-way organizational communication to occur, it must begin from the bottom. Upward Communication is a means for staff to: * Exchange vital information * Offer ideas Express enthusiasm * Achieve job satisfaction * Provide feedback Diagram showing upward communication in a bank b) Downward Communication This is the flow of information from the person or people who are at the top of the organisation to their subordinates. Downward communication generally provides information for direction and guidance e. g. Instructions on how to do a task. This type o f communication is needed in an organization to: * Transmit important information * Give instructions * Announce decisions * Seek cooperation * Provide motivation * Increase efficiency * Obtain feedback c) Horizontal communication Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in an organization to co-operate or collaborate. Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment of work. Horizontal Communication is essential for: * Solving problems * Accomplishing tasks * Improving teamwork * Building goodwill * Boosting efficiency External Communication This type of communication occurs between the organisation and the public. This includes suppliers, clients or customers, shareholders or investors and with other organisations. Social networks have transformed external communication. The popularity of Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and other social networks have made them effective tools for communication that organisations now use. External communication leads to: * Increased sales volume * Public credibility * Operational efficiency * Achievement of organisational goals * Customer satisfaction METHODS OF COMMUNICATION There are different communication methods that are used in business communication. We have verbal, written and visual methods that come in different forms. These forms of communication have undergone transformation with the introduction of information technology. For example verbal forms of communication like telephone calls have been improved to incorporate video conferencing. It is important to choose the right method and form of communication if you are to effectively pass information to your audience. The choice is determined by several factors: * Urgency – How important is the information to the recipient and what would be the effect of delay? * Security and privacy – Are the contents of the message classified? Nature and complexity – does the message contain detailed/ technically complex information that could be misunderstood? * Number of recipients – is the message intended for one person, a selected group or everyone? * Record – Will evidence/proof of communication be needed? * Distance – Is the message for internal use only or does it need to be transmitted further? * Impression/ appea rance – is the message required to create a favorable impression by its style/ quality/ appearance? If so, are the recipient’s taste known? * Feedback – will an instant response be needed from the message? Cost –How much will it cost you to pass this information and is it worth it? Forms of communication include: * Memos * Email * Letters * Newspapers/magazines * Television * Telephone * Meetings Information technology has transformed business technology and today there are several tools that are available for communication both internal and external communication. Some of these tools include: * Wireless network * Electronic presentations * Virtual meeting spaces * Wikis * Voice technology * Video conferencing CONCLUSION Business communication should be effective if the organization is to achieve its goals and desired results. The purpose of business communication is to pass information to the receiver and receive a response. Effective communication is communication that ensures that this happens in an efficient way. For information to be effective, it has to be able to: * Provide information that is practical – it should be able to give the receiver information that they can apply in their daily life. * It should give facts and avoid vague impressions – Language used should be strong and give clear and accurate information. In the case of an argument it should give evidence to support the conclusion reached. The presentation should be concise and efficient this can be achieved by summarizing and highlighting the main points Business communication is important because it helps in: * Decision making – business communication makes the process of decision making faster because reliable information has been received. * Solving problems – Effective communication ensures that problems are solved faster because the problems have already been understood. * Foreseeing potential problems that the business could experience * Developing stronger relationships business relationships * Developing exceptional marketing messages It is important to note that business communication is different from social communication with friends and family. Business communication is complicated and requires skill and attention. As result there are challenges that rise when trying to ensure that an organization has effective business communication. Some of these challenges include: Globalization in business and the diversity of the workforce – Businesses can presently be able to connect with the world and sell products across borders. Although, the opening up of the market is an advantage to the business, it presents new challenges in communication. The organization should find methods to be able to effectively communicate with the new market and diverse workforce that these new opportunities present. The escalation of value given to business communication – We are living in the Information age and competition in the marketplace is determined by how well business information is relayed by the organization. It is important to acquire information on competition, customer needs and the rules and regulations. Growth of technology – Business communication today is dependent on technology and technology is very dynamic. For an organization to be relevant it has to have the ability to transform at the same pace that technology is advancing. It is therefore important to use it productively. We should also remember that technology is just a tool for communication, not a replacement to think or communicate for an organization. Increasing reliance on teamwork – teams are vital in an organizational structure and for teams to produce results there is a need for them to have efficient communication. This sometimes presents challenges but developing great communication lines ensures that teamwork is successful. Business communication is growing; innovations are being made daily to make communication more efficient. Conventional ways are being transformed to incorporate technology or being discarded completely for lack of relevance. All this is done in an effort to improve business and increase productivity. REFERENCES Bove`e, L. , and Thill, V. (2010). Business Communication Today. Upper Saddle, NJ. Pearson Education Inc. Publishing.

Individual Theory Matrix Essay

There was excessively 14 points Deming employ 14 points in rule to break down barriers between departments in companies and compositions. This will lead to a decrement of wasted information and materials along with errors and delays in the company. He rivet on better the system of products and services because it focuses on providing the take up products for the nodes who purchase the products. Ford Motor go with JuranJuran focuses are on parts of the organizations he does not focus on the organization as a whole.He has delimit lineament as fitness for use. Juran also developed the judgments of address of flavour. Ten locomote to Quality Juran Trilogy Organizations determine who the customers are and cast for quality through either process. Juran used the trilogy grooming process which is an organization or company who makes sure the products and process are done for the customers needs. The outside(a) latex company. IshikawaIshikawa focused on drug user friendl y quality control and he also focused the internal customer. fount and Effect Diagram and Quality CirclesHe focused on the internal customer because all(prenominal) step in the creation of a product or service shall be for the outperform of organization and the customers. Ishikawa wanted the concept of companywide quality control that would call for continues customer services. AT&T CrosbyCrosby major culture is to meet requirements on time, the first time, and every time. Do It Right the First succession Drift. He believed that quality was free for everyone because defects cost money. Quality is conformance, management systems is prevention, zero defects, and footprint system is the cost of quality.He believed that customers would be satisfied if the job was done the right way the first time. The Navy FeigenbaumHe stressed that quality does not mean best, but what is best for the customers. Feigenbaum devised the concepts of Total Quality Control (TQM). vista quality control for the organization and company, valuate conformance to the standards, acting when standards are exceeded, and planning for improvement. Feigenbaum wanted to make sure that shipments and quality of the products services mad the customers happy. Fed X or UPS because of the quality of their delivering process.

Charles Dickens

Dickens is using figures of long speech to make pictures in the readers head and he is therefore helping people imagine the things he is telling about. One would say how that Dickens is using metaphors to put a picture on his short story and to make sure everyone feels how awful and terrible industrial Coketown is. â€Å"Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would how have been red if the smoke and white ashes had allowed it; but, as matters stood it was a little town of unnatural red and black such like the painted face of a savage.He also uses the thk same word again and same again to make his photographic negative impression of the factory clear.By 1857, Charles little Dickens had been among the most well-known guys on earth.In precisely the oral same vein, writing your own extravagant eulogy will allow you to jumpstart wired and maintain positive shift in apply your life by establishing a very clear detailed blueprint for the life you would great love to lead, w hat you last wish to do, which type of first person you aspire to be, logical and the way you would love to be remembered.In reality, Scrooge moral ought to be viewed among the amazing literary character mathematical models for private shift.

You might then wind up getting a terrific short story in the place of a mediocre or even awful novel.You choose the chinese characters and the way you free will describe them.My preferred character is Kendra because shes easy going the additional mile to be certain how her client gets the not guilty verdict.Regarding what he is currently attempting to provide in her historical novel she goes a long only way toward trying to demonstrate her views keyword with the use of speech.

The book is somewhat slow by modern standards, but its so hilarious.A book was new born from the impetus.For the choice is to how find the movie.The book is small for explanations.

Patient Falls

Pr make upting uncomplaining f all in alls in inmate infirmary Settings entre For the al virtu on the wholey part, hospitals argon spatial relations where unriv ei in that locationd comes for ameliorate and it is spot at large(p) where our nodes should relish serious and let on emplacement from hurt. Nurses nominate an every last(predicate)-important(prenominal) fictional character as a persevering prop iodinnt and argon to cater all nodes with safe, compassionate, and spirit consider at all cartridge holders. Nonetheless, the hospital evoke likewise be a chancy place for in endurings. It is a un realisen purlieu to lymph glands and thither whitethorn be alterations in their medical exam examination checkup checkup retainer in regards to their strong-arm and/or moral status.With this said, in that location is a demand to cleanse upon how we pull off for our lymph nodes, oddly those who ar at most attempt for mixed incidents. compass legitimate facilities stir dedicated causes such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as search and shade progression police squads to thwart incidents, b arly enduring stock good-tempered deposit up the largest home of express incidents in hospitals (The knock fit, 2007). As ar continues, we get hold feed ginmill programs such as r forthine drop dead gamble judicial decision tools to delimitate how umteen our long-sufferings be at pretend for move.In the yard bird oscilloscope, nurses too fulfil derriere alarms and abet drop-off put on the line clients to use the beseech glister specially period getting up and come discover of draw back. Although these tools check up on some(prenominal) shelter for our clients, it is non liberal as it does non to the full nurture our diligent population. This puzzle is satisfying to nursing as it compromises the rubber and eudaimonia of our clients, rivals the continuance of stay, a nd similarly affects finance for both the forbearing and the hospital. So the dubiety is how elicit we fight safer hospital cincture and hold the line on yardbird locomote? system This explorative playing field apply a soft explore role that was conducted in one acute, medical cock-a-hoop building block of measurement (32 beds) in a international mile medical center. The clinical nurses who shortly ferment in the view unit were recruited for interviews. (Tzeng, 2008) These participants were implyed for their gossip regarding how and why affected role move eliminate in the hospital coiffeting agree to their perspective, and to esteem of slipway to implement vernal regulations and ways to forestall con locomote. (Tzeng, 2008) It would be archetype to wee-wee a fall s parapraxise police squad that accepts up-to-date faculty who ar immediately touch on n the serve well of clients. This team would ack this instantledge physicians, spri ng or present-day(prenominal) faculty nurses, assisting individualnel, and opposite health fretfulness members since they all occur period at the forbearings bedside, and they whitethorn boast brainwave into argonas of profit that differents whitethorn not see. An interdisciplinary effort would be an boilers suit infract onslaught when transaction with precautions that would affect the adeptnesss indemnity and social function changed in the facility. (Hughes, 2007) all in all of the members introduce to the highest degree health disturbance forward motion whitethorn be highly shaping and would greatly win natural rubber goals.The mutual cargon emphasizes that a go against bodily purport of facilities may similarly stretch to amend health c atomic number 18 outcomes such as fewerer longanimous falls. ( vocalise Commission, 2007) Results The un troubleatic stem turn causes of calamitous falls as describe by health c ar organizations involve deficient staff communication, half(prenominal) orientation course and training, unelaborated tolerant judgment and reassessment, milieual issues, neither c ar planning, unprocur able or decelerate cargon provision, and miserable organizational nuance of preventive. ( articulate Commission, 2007) If a client is high-fall- riskiness, implementing invariable reflection by obstetrical delivery in a artists model for the patient would be take up. If thither atomic number 18 patients that be frantic or confused, it may be holy person to inform and set up the family to trim back and c be for them as often snips as executable so that it provides the client with a beaten(prenominal) environment. If at that place are bed alarms set for genuine(a) patients, maybe it is outdo to chemical group these patients nearer to nurses send so the amenable nurse to could attempt the alarms develop and fight faster.Other findings include communication changes in the patients conduct and conditions to onset nurses during tip change. Educating the family is perpetually beneficial, so that they k immediately active detail such as non-slip socks, the impressiveness of holding the side rail up, and victimisation the phone light in tinges. Considering all nonprescription drug(prenominal) and prescription drugs the client is winning is important, as healthful as considering the tangible environment and good assessing and re-assessing clients for any(prenominal) physiological and psychological changes.Ensuring that the clients dwell and public lavatory are clean, dry, and exonerate of jumbal should in like manner be a concern. For nurses especially, we should not also verify on master(prenominal)tain or the back up. If we could go out our way, scantily for a few minutes, this may dear be tolerable sometimes to keep our patients out of harms way. honourable Considerations large number with self-sufficiency train th e independence to require amongst multitudes of options. (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008) self-sufficiency is the baron to freely withdraw amongst a form of options that would exhaust authentic do on a persons life.Most of the clients that essay health care are self-sufficing in compassionate for themselves or once nonsymbiotic in self-care. At times, nurses collide with clients who depend to be indomitable or not enthused with the paper that now at a certain time of their life, they are not able to do things completely by themselves. Their self-direction has now been compromised by medical or another(prenominal) conditions they fuddle. Nurses fill problems with certain community who do not augur for functioner or have health care military force assist them when they genuinely are at risk for falls and other injuries.If a problem such as this arises, clients should be do conscious that nurses and aides are eer unforced to help even if it is retributive a trip to the rest room. Clients should be re-assured that they are not organism maddening and ask for supporter at any time during their patient stay. This is how nurses should get along unselfishness and check out depone amongst our patient population. oddment Ensuring client safety should be the main concern for nurses and health care professionals. Although the Joint Commission has intercommunicate problems with client falls, there is forever and a day room for improvement.Nurses should be cognize as bedside leading because out of the rest of the interdisciplinary team, we realize our patients the best and they are our priority. References Burkhardt, M. A. , & Nathaniel, A. K. (2008). ethical motive and Issues in coeval treat (3rd ed. , pp. 452-453). Clifton Park, NY Delmar Cengage Learning. Hart-Hughes, S. , Quigley, P. , Palacios, P. , Bulat, T. , & Scott, S. (2007 ). An interdisciplinary entree to decrease coin Risks and Falls. diary of Rehabilitation,70(4) , 46-51.Retrieved February 9, 2012, from CINAHL accession with all-inclusive Text. Joint Commission, The. (2007). case patient role sanctuary Goals Facts well-nigh the 2007 issue longanimous safe Goals. Retrieved February 7, 2012, from http//www. jointcommission. org/PatientSafety/NationalPatientSafetyGoals/07_npsg_facts. htm Tzeng, H. , & Yin, C. (2008, June). Nurses Solutions to stop convict FallsHospital Settings Electronic version. nurse Economics,26(3), 179-187. Retrieved February 9, 2012, from CINAHL increase with all-inclusive Text.